This study aims to explain the antecedents of blockchain technology adoption and examine its impact on usage intention and sustainable performance among companies engaged in e-commerce in Tehran Province. The research employed a descriptive survey design. The population consisted of managers of active e-commerce companies in Tehran Province (N ≈ 1,275), and a sample of 295 respondents was selected using Cochran’s formula and a simple random sampling method. Standardized questionnaires were utilized as the main research instrument, and the localization process, content validity (CVI), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to ensure reliability and validity. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) via SmartPLS software. The results revealed that cost savings, information security, and ease of use had significant positive effects on perceived usefulness, whereas information traceability showed no significant impact. Furthermore, perceived usefulness positively influenced usage intention, and usage intention had a significant positive effect on sustainable performance. By integrating economic (cost savings), technological (security and traceability), and cognitive (perceived usefulness and ease of use) constructs, this study provides an operational framework for organizational decision-makers and highlights the strategic value of blockchain in enhancing the sustainable performance of e-commerce businesses.